Abstract:

Colonialism was not a singular or uniform phenomenon but a complex process shaped by diverse socio-economic, political, and cultural forces. This paper critically examines the multiple dimensions of colonialism, highlighting its conceptual ambiguities and varied interpretations across time and space. Drawing on the works of Hobson, Lenin, Schumpeter, and other scholars, the study explores economic exploitation, settlement colonization, technological superiority, socio-psychological impacts, and cultural imperialism as integral components of colonial practices. The analysis emphasizes how colonialism disrupted indigenous social and economic structures, imposed alien cultural norms, and legitimized domination through ideologies such as the civilizing mission. It further discusses the role of industrialization, education, and missionary activities in shaping colonial encounters. The study concludes that no single factor can fully explain colonialism; rather, it emerged as a convergence of economic motives, political ambitions, technological advancements, and cultural justifications, leaving behind enduring legacies that continue to influence post-colonial societies.

Keywords:

Colonialism, Imperialism, Economic exploitation, Settlement colonization, Industrial revolution, Cultural imperialism, Civilizing mission, Socio-psychological aspects

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