International Journal of Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary

Introduction:

The phenomenon of human-wildlife conflict has developed due to the increased population rate and urbanization, which have led to an increased need for resources to satisfy the demands of both animals and human beings in common. Because of increased resource usage, especially in the post-industrial era, there is constant conflict between humans and wildlife (Peterson et al., 2010). This increased conflict between the stakeholders made it difficult for both humans in terms of livelihood loss, loss of life, habitat loss, etc., and for the animals in terms of their life loss (Fjeldså, 2006). Thrissur is termed the cultural capital of Kerala, India, with a total population of 3,121,200 people, according to the 2011 national census report of India. Malakkapara is a hill station in the district of Thrissur in Kerala, which is on the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The study is conducted among the frontline community of Malakkapara, whose frequency of being attacked by animals is higher. Frontline communities are those communities of people who face the challenges of issues with extreme intensity, and they will have the extra-ordinary capacity to show resilience (Sumner & Kinsella, 2021). The human-animal conflict has severe impacts on the frontline community in the form of crop depredation, property damage, human injury, and often human killing, and the suffering of these people will be greater when the impact is high (Sekar, 2013). The features and attributes of the people who are more prone to conflict with the animals are different from those who have a problem-free environment. The cost of living and the rate of poverty will be high for the frontline community to have constant interaction with the wildlife, which will affect the health concerns of the people (Senthilkumar et al., 2020). Human-animal conflicts are interactions or actions occurring because of the sharing of landscapes and resources by the people and the wildlife, which result in being harmful to either one of the species (Parathian et al., 2018). These conflicts have increased the need to pay attention to the biological, cultural, economic, political, social, and physical intersections, which are dominant effects that counterpoint human life as well as that of other species (Aisher & Damodaran, 2016).