Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds, often discarded as agricultural waste, have gained increasing attention for their significant nutritional and therapeutic potential, unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins (A, B- B-complex), and vital minerals such as magnesium, iron, zinc, and potassium, making them a promising source of plant-based nutrition. The lipid fraction of watermelon seeds primarily consists of linoleic and oleic acids, which contribute to cardiovascular health and lipid regulation. Furthermore, the seeds contain bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids, that exert potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects.

Experimental and clinical studies have highlighted their hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potential through modulation of oxidative stress pathways and inflammatory mediators. Additionally, watermelon seed oil has shown promise in skin health, metabolic regulation, and functional food formulation. Despite this, research gaps persist regarding standardised extraction, compound isolation, and large-scale human trials to validate their pharmacological efficacy and safety. The growing global demand for sustainable, plant-derived nutraceuticals positions watermelon seeds as a valuable functional ingredient for health promotion and waste reduction.