This study explores the practice and significance of natural farming in India, particularly Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), introduced by Subhash Palekar as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional farming. Indian agriculture, dominated by smallholder farmers, faces critical issues like land degradation, high input costs, and dependency on synthetic chemicals that harm soil health and biodiversity. ZBNF offers an innovative approach by minimizing chemical inputs and revitalizing soil through organic, low-cost resources, thus promoting an ecological balance that supports resilient agriculture. However, ZBNF adoption is challenged by potential yield reductions, pest management difficulties, and the reliance on indigenous cattle breeds, which are dwindling. This research highlights the benefits of natural farming, including enhanced soil fertility, biodiversity conservation, and lower input costs, thereby improving the livelihood of farmers and contributing to India’s climate goals. The study recommends increased awareness, access to local markets, and policy support to overcome adoption barriers. Data on adoption trends and benefits indicate a steady rise in natural farming practices across Indian states, revealing the transformative potential for rural development, environmental health, and food security. Ultimately, ZBNF aligns with sustainable agricultural goals, promoting economic, environmental, and health benefits for small farmers, ensuring long-term resilience in India’s agricultural landscape.