International Journal of Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary

Abstract:

One Health is an approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes related to different zoonoses either AMR or Rabies. (WHO. In Nepal, the One Health concept acknowledges the interdependence of environmental, animal, and human health and strives to address health issues in a comprehensive manner. The diversified topography of Nepal, which includes the Terai plains and the Himalayas, offers special opportunities as well as problems for putting the One Health framework into practice. Nepal's One Health programme covers a number of areas, such as agriculture, the environment, wildlife conservation, human and animal health, and agriculture. Integration of the agriculture and livestock farming sectors is essential for disease control, food security, and economic development because of the nation's substantial reliance on these industries. The health of people and animals is significantly impacted by the repercussions of rabies transmission. If the rabies virus exposure in people is not treated right away, it can cause a deadly neurological condition. Rabies can cause localized outbreaks that endanger entire populations, in addition to the suffering that befalls individual animals. The effect can upset biodiversity and ecological balance by cascading through ecosystems rather than being confined to a single species. Campaigns to stop the spread of rabies in animals and population control are important components of public health initiatives aimed at preventing human cases of rabies, as they safeguard animal populations as well. Nepal faces burden of zoonotic diseases of epidemic; endemic and pandemic potentials are major public health concern. 60 different zoonotic diseases have been identified in Nepal as emerging and re-emerging diseases. There is strong connection and effect of climate change, global warming. Nowadays, the interrelation of human, environment and animals is also concern about antimicrobial resistance. One Health approach is an important approach for effective prevent and control of zoonotic diseases. The spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 among animals is unprecedented having been found on all continents — except Oceania — with the United Nations calling it “a global zoonotic animal pandemic.” 

H5N1 is known to be able to infect over 350 species of birds and close to 60 species of mammals with migratory waterfowl — including ducks, swans, geese and gulls — being especially susceptible to various avian-borne influenza viruses. H5N1 infected waterfowl are normally asymptomatic carriers, however, these birds can infect other species (including mammals) along their migratory routes. This global transference allows disease to spread, and for virus genetics and virulence to continually adapt.

Alarmingly, evidence indicates that climate change seems to be impacting the emergence of zoonotic viruses like H5N1. As global climate conditions change, avian migratory patterns and routes are also changing. Higher temperatures and extreme weather has resulted in large-scale population shifts in a range of temperate species. These changes have led to diseases emerging in areas — and in genetic configurations — entirely unique and unprecedented.H5N1 is a clear indication that disease monitoring and response efforts are an essential part of any climate change adaptation and mitigation strategy.

Despite recent improvements, there are still over 100 laboratory-confirmed rabies deaths in Nepal each year due to low public awareness, ongoing difficulties with canine vaccination, and insufficient availability or cost of life-saving biologics for people exposed to the virus.

National Public Health Laboratory and Central Veterinary Laboratory in Nepal performs a crucial role as a reference laboratory in diagnosis of rabies in advanced level. These laboratories carry out an extensive range of tests and analysis that provide priceless insights into the nation's illness patterns and animal health. The results for fiscal year 2078/79 highlight the ongoing incidence of prevalent illnesses in animal health populations, such as AMR, Rabies but they also highlight new issues, like the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1a. The laboratory's data, which comes from more than 3900 specimens of various domestic and wild species that have undergone extensive post-mortem, faecal, larval culture, molecular, and serological testing, is crucial for research, surveillance, diagnosis, and the development of focused policy responses for both endemic and emerging illnesses. The laboratory plays a major role in advancing the national and regional understanding of veterinary care in Nepal by not only meeting proficiency test standards but also fulfilling worldwide reporting obligations related to animal disease control. The abstract highlights how vital it is to maintain infrastructure and labour investments in pathology in order to protect animal welfare, maintain livestock economics, and maintain human health at the intersection of veterinary and public health.

Keywords:

CVL, VL, AMR, Rabies, Animal, Human, Nepal

Aim/Objectives

Methods