Abstract:

The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India plays a critical role in ensuring food security for economically vulnerable populations. However, the existing system suffers from limited transparency, weak accountability, operational inefficiencies, and frequent leakages. This paper presents a con-sortium blockchain–based decentralized framework to improve the reliability and efficiency of PDS operations. The proposed model integrates Aadhaar-enabled biometric authentication to ensure accurate beneficiary identification and employs RFID technology for real-time tracking of food grains across the supply chain. Smart contracts implemented on the blockchain provide immutable transaction records, reduce manual intervention, and enhance traceability. Additionally, the framework supports both on-chain and off-chain data processing, assisted by secure cloud infrastructure, to enable data-driven decision-making for stakeholders. While the system improves transparency and reduces corruption, challenges such as inadequate digital infrastructure and limited internet connectivity in rural regions remain. The study highlights the need for inclusive stakeholder participation to ensure effective implementation. Overall, the proposed approach offers a scalable and secure solution for strengthening food distribution systems in India.

This framework, however, poses a lot of practical challenges that need to be overcome, particularly in rural settings where internet connectivity and other digital infrastructure are not strong. Additionally, adoption from the various stakeholders, such as government agencies, distributors, and beneficiaries, is required for the model to work. The present study recommends consideration of feedback from stakeholders, particularly farmers and local distributors, when developing an inclusive system. This study attempts to show the potential of blockchain technology in reforming the PDS towards food security, accountability, and fair distribution within India, with an attempt to address both technical and socio-economic barriers.

Keywords:

Blockchain, Consortium Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Aadhaar-Based Authentication, RFID Tracking, Supply Chain Transparency, Decentralised Architecture, Food Security, Accountability.

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