International Journal of Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary

The ongoing effects of climate change, including rising temperatures, erratic precipitation, and frequent droughts, are increasingly threatening agricultural productivity worldwide. These environmental stressors have a direct impact on plant growth, photosynthesis, and crop yields. Therefore, understanding how different plant types cope with these stresses is crucial for ensuring global food security. This study compares the photosynthetic efficiency and resilience of C3 and C4 plants, using wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a representative C3 species and maize (Zea mays) as a C4 species. Both plant types were exposed to controlled heat and drought stress to evaluate their physiological responses. Various parameters such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), and biomass accumulation were assessed. The findings revealed that C4 plants, particularly maize, demonstrated significantly better tolerance to both heat and drought stress, maintaining more consistent photosynthetic activity and overall physiological function compared to C3 plants. Maize showed superior water retention, higher chlorophyll levels, and more efficient stomatal control under stress conditions. In contrast, wheat exhibited more substantial reductions in photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content, and biomass. These results highlight the advantages of the C4 photosynthetic mechanism in improving plant resilience to climate-related stresses and underscore the potential benefits of integrating C4 traits into breeding programs. This research offers valuable insights into strategies for developing climate-resilient crops, crucial for sustaining agricultural production in a changing climate.