The rapid expansion of science and technology in the modern world has significantly transformed various sectors, particularly agriculture. With growing population pressure, climate variability, and the demand for sustainable food production, technological innovations such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, remote sensing, precision farming, and digital platforms have become increasingly important. These advancements aim to enhance productivity, resource efficiency, and environmental sustainability while improving farmers’ livelihoods. This study briefly analyzes the impact of modern scientific and technological developments on the agricultural sector, focusing on productivity enhancement, risk management, and sustainable practices. The significance of this research lies in understanding how technological adoption can address food security challenges, optimise resource utilization, and support climate-resilient agriculture. The research methodology is based primarily on qualitative analysis using secondary data sources, including academic journals, government reports, and credible online databases. Comparative analysis is employed to examine traditional versus technology-driven agricultural practices. The findings suggest that while science and technology have improved agricultural efficiency and decision-making, challenges such as digital divide, cost barriers, and knowledge gaps still exist. Addressing these issues is essential for inclusive and sustainable agricultural development.