Industrialisation, urbanisation, and agricultural practices have all contributed to environmental pollution, which is now a major worldwide concern. The production of secondary contaminants, high operating costs, and limited efficiency are common drawbacks of traditional remediation techniques. The unique physicochemical properties of advanced nanomaterials, such as their increased surface area, improved reactivity, and catalytic effectiveness, have made them an effective strategy for cleaning up the environment in recent years.

Metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and nanocomposites are just a few of the nanomaterials that have demonstrated a great deal of promise in eliminating contaminants from soil, water, and air. Chemical techniques, including adsorption, photocatalysis, and redox reactions—which efficiently break down organic pollutants, eliminate heavy metals, and increase the effectiveness of wastewater treatment—are made possible by these materials. Additionally, in-situ treatment of contaminated sites is made possible by nanotechnology-based remediation approaches, which lower operating costs and environmental disruption. Notwithstanding these benefits, there are still issues with large-scale adoption, environmental hazards, and the toxicity of nanomaterials. The relevance of advanced nanomaterials in environmental remediation is highlighted in this paper, along with the chemical techniques used to manage pollution and their possible drawbacks.